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• Fangjia County has been affected by floods for two consecutive years, and the scope and severity of the observed floods are much higher than in previous years. This resulted in massive displacement. Unusually, the flooding in January 2021 occurred outside the rainy season, which shows that rainfall is not the only cause of flooding in the county. According to reports, livelihoods have generally collapsed and families cannot rely on traditional coping strategies and income-generating activities to further complicate the situation. Since 2020, floods have prevented people from cultivating the land and caused the population to gather in the highlands or further migrate to Sudan.

• During the county's worst flood period (1962-1970), the local population was reportedly still able to cultivate, because the floods only intensified after harvest (September to October). According to reports, people can still rely on traditional coping strategies, such as selling cows, or getting milk, meat, and blood. However, since the end of the crisis in 2013-2017, the cattle stock has declined sharply, and now only a few households own cattle. Participants in the focus group discussion (FGD) reported that cattle acquisitions are also unusually low and are unlikely to improve before the next rainy season (May to November), as most cattle move away from flooded areas. Therefore, FGD participants report that people have fewer opportunities to rely on cattle as a coping strategy.

• According to reports, in the dry season, dependence on wild foods such as water lilies and larups is widespread. However, it is reported that due to flooding, availability and visits during this period have decreased in recent years. According to FGD participants, although access to fishing nets is still low, fishing is still a common source of livelihood for poor families.

• According to reports, compound shocks such as floods in 2020-2021 and unsafe incidents in 2021 have restricted the mobility of local residents. This reduces the opportunities for people to gather wild food, affects the seasonal migration of cattle and people, as well as the complex trade and transportation of goods, as well as the reduction of market functions and supplies.

• According to reports, dykes are still the most preferred flood mitigation strategy used by households and humanitarian actors. However, the condition of the entire Fajak dam is still very poor, and the technical capacity to construct or repair the dam is still limited. Although building dams is an effective way to prevent water from flowing into residential areas, it is reported that excessive rainfall during the rainy season or river overflows have also caused the dams to be filled with water. As a result, it is reported that families have to use diesel engines to pump water (this is an expensive job that exceeds the average economic capacity of local families).

• Families assessed stated that as planting becomes more difficult, alternative livelihood measures that are more suitable for flooded environments (ie fishing) need to be supported by humanitarian actors.

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